Wednesday, October 30, 2019
CYBER-PSYCHOLOGY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
CYBER-PSYCHOLOGY - Essay Example Human mind and its behavior in addition to interactions within the work place has been influenced largely through the development of technology inform of computers, mobile phones, and other communication gadgets. For this reason, there is need to understand the influence of technology in human behavior at work place. Most of the research done in cyber psychology includes personality types in cyberspace artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Psychologists like Freud predicted the challenge of fixation on objects as an example of catharsis or displacement. This means that the growing challenge is the idea of many people at work place being attached to these gadgets, which leads to fixation according to Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis. With reference to Marxism, this paper will apply the challenges and the advantages of cyber psychology. Concept of organization behavior Organization behavior is the study of how people or groups of people behave within the organization as t hey work. Organization behavior is important since it help individuals to be engaged in the organization and to develop relevant discipline within the organization. Members of an organization will develop good communication skills, honesty and integrity, interpersonal skills, motivation, and good strong work ethics as part of their organizational behavior. Our behavior at work depends on how we feel (Wallace P. M, 2008). Our attitudes and behavior therefore affect our productivity. Behavior attitude is how the employee feels at work while behavior is how the employee responds to the behavior. We can therefore conclude that high work productivity is directly correlated with positive attitudes and behavior. This is also according Carl Marx theories (Whittle, 2007). Motivation is the desire to achieve a goal. It can be intrinsic or extrinsic. Motivation influences psychological, behavioral cognitive and social characters of employees at their work place. The ability of an employee to p articipate in the organization builds up to his/her motivation. Marxism has influenced organization behavior through technology, as many employers tend to rely on computers for assistance. The existing working environment is also important in motivating an employee in the organization. Industrial and organizational psychologists and other applied researchers have recognized the relevance of such advances for understanding workplace behavior, producing a number of recent articles. Marx defines emotions carefully and distinguishes emotions from moods (Zuckerman, 2001). Marx had predicted automation in work place and the acceptance of automation has been tremendous. The emergence of computers has been functionally and practical symbols of transformation and revolution of the world in terms of modernization. The emergence of robots was a controversial issue as many people thought that the reports would replace human beings in form of labor. However, this did not happen as anticipated, a s there emerged the difference of artificial and natural intelligence. Similarly, the emergence of computers has not escaped criticism, many scholars have being agreeing, and disagreeing about the intelligence level of the computer compared to humans. For this reason, it is important to distinguish between a strong artificial intelligence and a weak intelligence (Kent Norman, 2008). One of such critics is John Searle who describes strong artificial
Monday, October 28, 2019
Housekeeping and Housekeeping Uniforms Essay Example for Free
Housekeeping and Housekeeping Uniforms Essay First uniforms appeared in antiquity as a tool for protection. Since then properties, appearance and even destination of uniforms have changed. Today variability and application of uniforms are amazing. Thousands of designers create new more fashionable and comfortable models, chemical industry workers develop contents of fabrics and paints. More and more companies want to outfit their employees in uniforms, more and more schools and universities provide uniforms for their pupils and students. There are a lot of reasons for developing a uniform industry and they are considered below. Many companies prefer to have uniformed employees because most of customers consider uniform as a pledge of quality, reliability and credence. Moreover with the help of uniform employers control the appearance of their employees and make an additional advertising by embroidering logos. If uniform includes an employee’s name it is simplify his (her) communication with consumers. A good uniform should be durable, comfortable and look good without frequent washing and ironing. Traditionally for production housekeeping uniforms most of companies use polyester and cotton in different ratios. At present there is a tendency to produce 100-percent cotton pants and shirts. Along with traditional teal, navy, grey, black and white appear more bright original colors. New models of housekeeping uniforms consist of tunics in different colors, twills with long or short sleeves, polo with or without pockets. Among innovations in uniform industry should be mentioned new soil-, wrinkle-, stain-, water and fire-resistant garments and reflective materials which can reflect light 1,500 times brighter than a white surface at night. A uniform cost depends on producer and fabric. For example housekeeping dress you can buy for $16-38, tea apron $6. 75-12. 95, tunic top $12. 99-49. 99, pants $7. 99-19. 25. The primary problem of all types of uniforms is good air conductivity along with all other properties. And it is determine vast and prosperous area for future research. Introduction The history of origin of the uniform begins from ancient times and the main reason for this was protection. After nearly first battles people understood that they need some armors to fight more effective. Besides that soldiers should discern their confederates and enemies among thousands on battlefield (with the same goal were made sports uniforms for team games). An army uniform includes also hierarchical orders and epaulets as signs of steady structure and to make strict discipline. Hospital uniforms were created to protect doctors and nurses from different infectious diseases. Later uniforms were designed in a way to protect also patients from dirt and infections. They were made from high-quality and natural fabrics in most cases light colored to keep them in excellent cleanness. To become more noticeable road workers wear bright uniform with phosphor insets. Workers at factories and plants use protective uniforms to enclose themselves from harmful dust, substances or rays. There are a lot of reasons to provide uniform at schools and universities. They are: cost, durability, school pride, discipline, etc. Finally people wear uniform because they (or their chiefs) want to show their belonging to some group, company or organization. To date more and more companies want to fit up their employees in more distinctive and more fashionable apparel. That is why this is relevant topic for research. Creation new more comfortable and stylish models from durable, efficient fabrics is very propitious direction of activity. This paper is dedicated to evaluation of uniform market, its cost, new models and fabrics. 1. Reasons companies go with a uniform. More and more companies prefer to have uniformed employees. â€Å"It is estimated that more than 32 million U. S. workers wear uniforms of some kind†( Uniforms aid in making the critical first business impression, Jun 1, 2002 12:00 PM, By Kim Mitchell). The basic reasons are: †¢ According to conducted social investigations customers prefer to deal with companies whose employees are uniformed. For majority of surveyed consumers uniform is a pledge of quality, reliability and credence. †¢ Uniform simplifies the communication between customers and employees as good uniform includes an employee’s name and a logo of a company or corporation. At the time of contact with company representatives out of organization people feel themselves in more safety when employees are uniformed. †¢ Uniforms let employers to control the appearance of employees, the condition of their clothes. †¢ Benefit for employees. In a case they have a uniform people should not waste time and money for buying work clothes. Moreover, disappears one everyday question â€Å"What to wear today? ††¢ People dressed in uniform with a logo are walking advertising. 2. Requirements to uniforms: †¢ Durability †¢ Good look without frequent washing and ironing †¢ Proper model and color †¢ With embroidered name and logo †¢ Fashion 3. Fabrics and colors. Traditionally for production housekeeping uniforms most of companies use polyester and cotton in different ratios. The percentage of each material is determent by destination of the garment. For garments which are in close contact with employee’s body it is better to use fabrics with high percentage of natural materials as cotton or flex which pass air very well. Garments like apron may be made from 100-percent polyester. Anyway the principal property of fabrics for uniforms is to carry the shape of manufacture for a long time without frequent ironing. Another one significant requirement is simply laundering. Besides that fabrics should retain color. These goals are achieving by trying different ratios of materials in fabrics. At present there is a tendency to produce 100-percent cotton pants and shirts. Recently Singer’s firm added more wool fabrics to their line. For uniforms with embroidery typical fabrics include cotton twill, pique, denim, cotton/polyester blend and fleece (for jackets). [ Uniforms aid in making the critical first business impression, Jun 1, 2002 12:00 PM, By Kim Mitchell] Instead of traditional for housekeeping uniforms colours as teal, navy, grey and black with white trims and aprons today appear more bright original colours. 4. Models Side by side with well-known housekeeping classic dresses with aprons and plain shirts with pants there are male and female tunics in different colors, men’s twills with long or short sleeves, polo with or without pockets, ladies’ version of twills and polo, knit shirts and different models of jackets. Helga Designs Front Desk is working out new models of housekeeping uniforms. In enclosure you can find some of them. 5. Innovations The Wearables Business presents the record of uniform innovations: †¢ New soil-, wrinkle-, stain-, water and fire-resistant garments †¢ The coordinating ladies version twill and polo in nine colors in sizes S-3XL †¢ New proprietary 100-percent spun polyester performance knit from Milliken †¢ Reflective materials which can reflect light 1,500 times brighter than a white surface at night Saxon Uniforms Company proposes such models of uniforms, which are specially designed to make fitting simple with a patented size scale that allows each garment to fit three different sizes.
Saturday, October 26, 2019
Air Pollution :: Papers
Air pollution occurs when wastes dirty the air. People produce most of the wastes that cause air pollution. Such wastes can be in the form of gases or particles of solid or liquid substance. These substances result chiefly from burning fuel to power motor vehicles. Industrial processes and the burning of garbage also contribute to air pollution. natural pollutants include dust, soil particles and naturally occurring gases. The rapid growth of population and industry and the increased use of automobiles and airplanes, have made air pollution a serious problem. the air we breathe has become so filled with pollutants that it can cause health problems. Polluted air also harms plants, animals, building materials and fabrics. In addition, it causes damage by altering the earth's atmosphere. Chief sources of air pollution  · Forms of transportation,such as automobiles, airplanes, ships and trains are the leading source of air pollution of the industrial nations. The major pollutants produced by these sources are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrocarbons(compounds of carbon and hydrogen), and nitrogen oxides(compounds of nitrogen and oxygen). Nitrogen oxides can react in the presence of sunlight to produce a form of oxygen called ozone(O3). Ozone is the chief component of photo-chemical smog, which is a common form of air pollution.  · Fuel combustion used for heating or cooling in factories contributes significantly to air pollution. Electric power plants that burn coal or oil also release pollutants into the atmosphere. The major pollutants from these sources are nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides(compounds of sulphur and oxygen), and carbon dioxide.  · Industrial processes produce a wide range of pollutants. Oil refineries discharge ammonia, hydrocarbons,organic acids and sulfur oxides. Metal smelting plants give off large amounts of sulfur oxides and particles containing lead and other metals. Plants that produce plastic foam are a major source of chlorofluorocarbons(CFC's),compounds of chlorine,fluorine and carbon.  · Burning of solid wastes often creates a very visible form of air pollution-thick,black smoke. The burning of garbage, leaves and other
Thursday, October 24, 2019
things fall apart Essays -- essays research papers
                                                                                          Book Report                                              02/11/05      Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart is about different traditional village cultures in Africa. It also speaks about the British who try and take over the village by introducing his religion and making it the higher and better religion. Okonkwo is the narrator of the story. The novel setting is in a small village called Umofia which is located in the southeastern part of Nigeria and it is in the late nineteenth century. Man verses Man is the conflict that is seen in this novel.      Okonkwo is the main character in the novel. He is a hard working farmer, wrestler, and clan leader who has severa...
Wednesday, October 23, 2019
A Wonderful Life Essay
One of the most fundamental mission of our lives has been how can we secure our life from its very uncertainties. Each one of us wants to live a beautiful and joyful life but if we look around and find out, one fact comes out really strong and that is, one who is financially sound and secure is able to enjoy the sweet fruits of life and is able to live a wonderful life. Therefore, securing our lives through financial planning becomes the inner core on which our lives revolve and it is of utmost important if we want to lead a quality life. Saving money is of prime importance as virtually there is nothing tangible that we can have without the exchange of currency. Furthermore, saving gives us a way out from the uncertainties of life and gives us a chance to enjoy a quality and meaningful life. Saving money is one of those tasks that are so much easier said than done. There is more to it than spending less money. How much money will we save, where will we put it, and how can we make sure it stays there? Here is how to set realistic goals, keep our spending in check, and get the most for our money. First and foremost, saving money help to realize our big dreams. As we know, almost everybody set goals to achieve in their life but there are few of them who are really achieve it. For example, a successful person is the one who continually works to make his dreams become true. We can also be among the list of successful persons who are able to achieve their dreams shortly. We can have any dream, but what is important is how we are able to make them come true. We may have the dream of owning a big bungalow, a grand wedding or travelling around the world or something else. However, these dreams cannot be fulfilled in a day as they require a good amount of money to achieve it. Thus, a regular savings can give us the key of fulfilling our dreams in such a simplest way. Besides, saving money is one of the healthy habits that we can practice in our daily life. This means if we are able to inculcate in ourselves a habit of saving, it will pay a long way throughout our life. This is because saving teaches us to be self-disciplined in our life. As for me, just the only a self-disciplined person is able to live in an all-round beautiful and fulfilled life. If we waste our money today then how we will realize our materialistic dreams. In addition, saving also gives security in our life. Thus, it is a healthy habit that we can practise in order to save our money. Therefore, there may be some different reasons for us to save the money but it is crystal clear from the above discussion that saving is highly important for living a secured, happy, and quality life. We can surely realize the powers of money when we start saving. However, we have only one life to live but that one life should be filled with colours of fulfilment and this can only come with â€Å"Savings†. This is because only through savings we can fulfil our dreams, the aspirations of our family and so to the others. Therefore, what I want to say is let the money speak for us through regular savings and become capable of enjoying a long and beautiful life. Apart from that, we should also save money for our family responsibilities and for our personal aspirations. This means if you are not alone and have a family to support, then invariably you are required not only to take care of your own aspirations but also to carry out a lot of various tasks and responsibilities of your family at different stages of life. It may be your child’s birth or your dream of buying a luxury car. It may be also the desire to buy jewellery for your beloved wife or you have a plan to go out on a vacation with your family while travelling in all over the world. By saving money, we already have a saving for the plans. Besides, we could also need some money for the expenditure on our child’s higher education. In today’s world, money is very crucial. Without any saving, we cannot be able to give a good education for our children. From this situation, it is convinced that a good amount of money and saving is a must in such scenarios. Therefore, everyone should starts saving money as much as possible in order to lead a better life in the future. Without we realize, an unexpected and emergency expenditure expenses can come in many ways in one’s life. For example, a sudden situation like a sudden hospitalization, a job loss, an accident, a car breakdown or any other situation might be happen without any sign. Besides that, the financial crisis can also arise any time. Therefore, it is very good for us to have a saving for any such of emergency that can give the much needed and required help to overcome such crises in your life. As a result, our burden in living a life will be lessening. But the most important things is that we did not need or find dependent and search for the support from others, which may at times does not turn up when you require the most. Another importance of saving money is that it provides us with security. We always think that money in the bank will help us out during harsh times in life. Saving money is also a way of planning. Most people keep a certain goal in life when saving money. If one does not â€Å"save it for a rainy day†but instead decides to â€Å"live it up†and spend all their money than they are more likely to face financial difficulties in the future. In this way, people who spend more than save do not take the opportunity to plan. Last but not least, saving money give us a real independence in our life. This is because the real independence comes only with the financial independence by saving our money on a regular basis that will give us the power of living a life of freedom. Furthermore, by savings we can be â€Å"in the right place at the right time†. We will be able to take hold of any advantage that the life puts across to you. Eventually, we can make your opportunities into realities with enough saving that we have. It is proved that by saving money, you will get a lot of benefits for your own goodness. Therefore, I believe that by having enough money through savings it will gives us the chance to grab that life turning opportunity that come just for one time. Therefore, you could not deny that savings can help do all this in such an easy way. In a nutshell, everyone should always think that it is not only about how they earn their money but also about how they spend it. There is an old and common saying that tells us that it is easier to earn money than to spend it wisely. That is the reasons why we should budget yourself by thinking about how much we are willing to spend before we go out to buy something that is not necessary for you. Another good approach is that we need to never buy anything that we did not plan on buying no matter how good a deal we find. This is because it will help to save you from unnecessary expenditures. However, we should always assess what our needs are and buy accordingly. Therefore, do we have to watch our desires, but do not deprive ourselves of necessities. This is the fundamental reason why some people should start the habit of saving today.
Tuesday, October 22, 2019
Asylum Seekers essays
Asylum Seekers essays more embarrassment for Govt over Manoora asylum seekers the asylum seeker stand-off in Nauru is back to square one, despite what appeared to be a deal between Australian and Nauruan authorities. Earlier tonight, officials from both countries boarded the HMAS Manoora but a little over an hour ago, they returned to shore empty-handed. The lack of progress this evening is an embarrassing set-back for the Australian Government, which had earlier said it wanted to bring a number of asylum seekers ashore tonight. TONY JONES: Ben Wilson joins me on the line now from Nauru. Ben, I believe you've been hearing from the spokesperson for the Nauruan Government. What has he said? BEN WILSON: The take from what happened tonight, off the coast, on board HMAS Manoora, is that the group of asylum seekers they planned to bring ashore tonight weren't ready to leave the ship and, as a result, the Nauruan delegation which went out to the ship with the brief of ensuring that anyone leaving the ship was doing so voluntarily and the Australian officials came back empty-handed. They were preparing a landing craft which has been bringing asylum seekers to shore over the past week or so - it was backed up to the loading dock on the Manoora. There were minibuses on the dock ready to receive them. There was the obligatory crowd of curious Nauruans looking on. As the hours ticked by, it became clear that no-one was coming off. It indicates that there are problems convincing this group to come ashore. TONY JONES: Just to recap on what this deal means - the Nauruan officials I believe will ask each and every person whether they agree to come off. The agreement was forged this afternoon in discussions with Australian officials, after the scenes of yesterday where there were scuffles, pushing, shoving and yelling as 12 asylum seekers were brought ashore. The Nauruan Government quickly brought the whole transfer operation to a halt. It had said ...
Monday, October 21, 2019
Vieled Beauty essays
Vieled Beauty essays Walt Disney's film Beauty and the Beast in comparison to Roman and Greek Mythologies tale of "Cupid and Psyche." Walt Disney said it best when he stated, "True beauty comes from within." Through precise design and articulation, the creators of the film Beauty and the Beast formed an elegant tale of true love found within the darkness of the unknown. Belle, the films beautiful book-loving heroine, starred as the main character in this Walt Disney classic Beauty and the Beast. It is throughout this film that Belle searches for more than her provincial life yet strangely finds what she was looking for confined within a cold dark mysterious palace. The search for internal beauty, the involvement of sacrifice and the curiosity of women can be traced back to the early days of Roman and Greek Mythology and can be found in present day tales. The passion for obtaining a more fulfilling was also found within Psyche, the protagonist in the Roman and Greek Mythological tale titled "Cupid and Psyche." Like Belle, Psyche found herself in search for more than what she already had in life. Both magnif icent tales, Beauty and the Beast and "Cupid and Psyche," share similar concepts about beauty found from within and a woman's desire to curiously search for more than her provincial life. However, both tales have their differences in content and pattern to create a different affect of each tale. In the tale of Beauty and the Beast, Belle is faced with a terribly frightening situation; she gave up her father and her freedom all in one day. Belle courageously offered herself as the Beast's prisoner in exchange for her father's freedom, and as frightened as she may have been, she grew to feel safe within his courtiers. The servants of the palace, Cogsworth the clock, Lumier the candlestick, Mrs. Potts the teapot and Chip the tea cup, served Belle with charming and graceful hospitality, making her feel more and more comfortable with her new li...
Sunday, October 20, 2019
Word Choice Explicit vs. Implicit - Proofeds Writing Tips
Word Choice Explicit vs. Implicit - Proofeds Writing Tips Word Choice: Explicit vs. Implicit Its always vital to make the correct word choice in an academic paper. In todays blog post, then, were going to explain the difference between two regularly-confused words: explicit and implicit. Both of these terms describe the way in an idea is expressed, yet they are also opposites of one another. As such, it is very important to use them correctly! Read on below to find out how to avoid errors with these terms. Explicit (Fully and Clearly Expressed) Explicit means clear and unambiguous. For example, if someone has clearly and fully explained their position, you could say that: Jones views in this paper are explicit. This means that Jones views are clearly stated. Dont get confused with the other use of explicit, which indicates material of an adult nature! Implicit (Implied or Expressed Indirectly) Implicit means indirectly expressed. For example, if you read another paper by Jones and decided that some of her views were only implied rather than clearly stated, you could say: Jones current ideas were implicit in her earlier work, but not yet fully developed. Sometimes, implicit can also mean unquestioned or unreserved: My implicit trust in the news media means I am often misled by Rupert Murdoch. In both of these cases, the idea is that something remains unstated. Implicit or Explicit? The correct term to use in any given situation will depend on the context. If you are describing something that is clear and unambiguous, the word to use will be explicit. On the other hand, if youre describing something that is merely implied, rather than clearly and fully expressed, the correct term will be implicit. Remember: Get Your Paper Professionally Proofread If you are interested in having your paper proofread professionally, why not submit a 500-word sample to be proofread for free today?
Saturday, October 19, 2019
Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell Essay
Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell - Essay Example The essay "Biography of Fashion Designer Sandy Powell" analyzes the life of Sandy Powell. Having won three Oscars and two British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) awards and several nominations, Sandy Powell has already mastered the said craft. Apart from the ‘laurels’ that were garnered in her honor, it is her creations, which provided energy and color to the various characters that she dressed, that can be held as testaments to her love to costume designing and her excellence in such a relatively underrated field of the arts. Ever since her childhood, Miss Powell already has a strong adoration for clothes and dressing up that motivated her to learn how to sew at a very early age. Upon this infant skill, she used to create clothes for her dolls and dresses for herself. At the age of 14, her love for the craft was much reinforced when she witnessed a theater performance that showcased avante-garde costumes and flamboyant props. Since then, Miss Powell knew wha t she wanted to do professionally in the future. To achieve this dream, she acknowledged that she needed formal training; so she attended London’s Central School of Design, concentrating on Theatre Design. Halfway through the completion of the course, she left school to focus on an ‘actual training’ that entailed her own designs and creations in a fringe theater production side-by-side with a commitment with The Cholmondeleys, a London-based dance troupe. Consequently, when she met respected director, designer and author Derek Jarman., she did not realize that she was already entering the grand threshold of the cinema industry (Thompson 169). During their days back in school, choreographer Lea Anderson describes Powell as ‘fascinating and unique in her outfits.’ She further disclosed how Powell would frequently employed themes in her wardrobes, while shocking them the next day for another elaborate and distinct set of garments (Harries). Meanwhile, c elebrated theater designer and instructress Pamela Howard was once quoted to have said that there was completely nothing that she could teach Powell (Horn 11). Professional Costume Designer Miss Powell’s collaboration with Jarman, which continued for years, encompassed projects that brought the best of her creative juices: meticulously reviving period clothing and at the same time creating contemporary fashions, all on relatively low budgets. It is with this reason why critics appreciated her works that were truly exquisite yet believable. In 1986, she earned critical acclamation for her screen designs in Caravaggio, which were anchored on the painter’s life and works. The Last of England (1987), Edward II (1991) and Wittgenstein (1993) were legacies of their extended close working relationship. Her work, according to her, is always grounded on research. Before any design would proceed, she still first goes to the Internet or to library to study not only the specific c haracter that she needs to dress and the trend of clothing during the time but also the entire history of the period (Thompson 171). For her Elizabethan, Victorian and modern creations in Orlando, Powell earned her first nomination at the Academy Awards in 1993. A year after, she was at the helm of developing the costumes in the anthology film Being Human that featured different periods in history (Bronze Age to modern day) where her designs were of much significance. Since the early 90’s, Powell has been the designer of choice for director Neil Jordan’
Friday, October 18, 2019
PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
PRESIDENCY OF THOMAS JEFFERSON - Essay Example er at the White House – with the possible exception of when Thomas Jefferson dined alone."(Wikipedia Jefferson.) This staunch advocate of liberty and religious freedom, was born on April 13 1743 in Albemarle County, Virginia. A diligent student, he graduated with top honors from the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg in 1762, and then went on to study law, being admitted to the Virginia bar in 1767. He had a passion for learning languages and began studying Latin Greek and French very early. At college he was introduced to the writings of John Locke, Francis Bacon and Isaac Newton whom he referred to as the "three greatest men the world had ever produced."(Bernstein Jefferson pg 95). This â€Å"Man of the People†as he was fondly known, had numerous achievements to his credit, but he wanted to be remembered as the founder of the University of Virginia, the author of the Declaration of American Independence and the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom. His dream of founding a new institution of higher learning, where students could specialize in new areas; was realized in 1819, with the founding of the University of Virginia. When it opened in 1825, it was then the first university to offer elective courses to its students. Jefferson is widely recognized for his architectural planning of the University grounds, an innovative design whose center was the library which he considered to be the fountainhead of knowledge. His educational idea of creating specialized units of learning is physically expressed in the layout of his campus plan, which he called the "Academical Village†. Jefferson died on the Fourth of July, 1826, at the age of 83 on the 50 th anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence, that he had authored. The Jefferson presidency (1801 – 1809)was the first to start and end in the White House although at the time it was known as the Presidential Mansion. It was a turbulent time in American history. His first term
International Urben Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
International Urben Policy - Essay Example The paper tries to analyse the problems facing the growth of this unplanned city and tries to formulate measures whereby these can be tackled so as to make it more progressive and habitable. Nairobi is a city that faces a major influx of refugees moving into its urban areas. Interestingly, this migration pattern into Nairobi is not only for economic opportunities. Apart from economic migrants, the country also has hordes of people who move out of camps providing assistance to them, as the quality of aid is very low. Regarding this, it would be worth observing that whereas the period 1997 - 2001 was characterised by a 24 percent decline in the global refugee population compared to the pervious five years, the share of refugee from Africa rose from 20 to 45 percent during the same period. Also, as the demographic status of refugees varies across regions, and even within countries, it is dependent on the normative value of the refugees themselves. By end of 2001, Kenya was home to over a quarter of a million refugees. And out of this, almost about 50% of the refugees were aged above 18 years while about 45% of the total population were female. These refugees including thos e in urban areas posed a challenge not only to the government, but also to the indigenous populations. The host country saw them as an imposing and alarming threat to their own sovereignty, security and global stability. The governmental failure to unify the various clans and tribes of the city along with the influx of the refugees is inter-related to the demographics of the inter ethnic relations of the city. Research involving the various tribes such as the Luyia, Kuria, Suba, Luo, Maasai, or the Kalenjin and their inter racial interactions has shown that the relation of these refugees with the people, as well as the relation within the tribes themselves is pretty complicated. What makes it more dangerous is the existence of separate political affiliations of ethnically defined groups to political parties in the multi-party system of Kenya. Even with the coming of self governance, the colonial power is still considered to be an important influence on ethnic identification. Among the Luo, Maasai and their Bantu neighbours, there is a cultural gradient or a culture prestige gradient with the Nilotes at the upper end, and this status differentiation in several cases is stabilised by the appointment of chiefs from high status groups by the colonial power. This intra racial differentiation leads to a process of social exclusion. This, on the other hand, is also propagated by what has been termed as the 'filtering down process' of educational facilities being provided to the people of the different groups: broadly speaking the 'haves and the have nots'. Put in a nut shell, the educational policy in Kenya is such that it is generally the children from educated and well to do parents who can pursue higher education. The process of filtering down ensures that even when the government adopts a policy of educational expansion, it fails to lead to intergenerational job mobility. As Hazlewood puts it, the much greater expansion of secondary education, drawing in many more, and a much higher proportion, of the children of the uneducated in Kenya than in Tanzania, has made access to secondary educatio
Thursday, October 17, 2019
Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2
Business Marketing - Essay Example Moreover, if a customer is not happy with the complimentary services provided by Apple, he may get hold of Apple Protection Plan which is to be purchased. Apple claims that the protection plan gives one stop service and support from Apple experts. Solutions to your queries are just a call away. The plan gives both the hardware and software support (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). Here is what Apple says about its service plan: Apart from one stop technical service, hardware and software support is also included. The hardware support includes coverage of iPhone, battery, earphones and accessories. Regarding battery coverage, service is available for battery depletion of 50% or more from original specification (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). There is an app store of Apple which has hundreds of thousands of software on its store. It is the world’s largest mobile applications store. Some of them are free, and some are to be purchased. There are amazing applications related to games, lifestyle, social networking, and education. You can browse your choice of application and start playing with it right away after downloading it. App store also let you update your current applications in your iPhone by just a single tap (Apple-iPhone-Learn about apps available on the App Store, 2011). Buys (2009) writes in his article about Apple customer satisfaction. As per him, AppleCare provides excellent support service. It repairs phone, answer your queries and replace the damaged parts. If you want to inquire about importing a movie into iMovie, AppleCare will be of great help in this regard. With a single phone and lots of applications in it, you can do simultaneous works at a time; write a book, take photos, make movies. This is why Apple has been a great success (Buys, 2009). However, John (2009) comments on the above article that Apple has a terrible service. His experience for replacing broken products was bad; he said it took him months to have it
Ad Appeal Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Ad Appeal Analysis - Essay Example In this advertisement, Guess uses the appeal to sex because they want to create an impression that wearing their jeans is sexy. This appeal is also selected for this advertisement to give a clear idea their target markets are the adults. Wearing Guess can also be a symbol of sexy lifestyle. Guess makes jeans for male and female adults who want to feel sexy while wearing this brand of jeans. I think using this appeal can be effective only to those people who want to have sexy image. It can also be effective because it catches the attention of men and women. However, there are also some rational ones who might not find this advertisement convincing at all because the only benefit that they can see is the feeling of sexiness.Appeal to fear is commonly used by marketers in advertisements on health, hygiene, and home security. Usually, it communicates its message indirectly. Just like the advertisement below, it is about taking care of one's heart. It doesn't show the audience what really is happening with their hearts. Instead, it used a scary scene and a line that would make one think. By looking at the picture, I would say that the ad's target markets are those people busy with their work or others who are busy with satisfying their lifestyle that they forget to have their heart checked-up. Appeal to fear is used in this kind of ad because people are afraid to die. Since it is about health, this appeal could make its target segment act immediately. I think the use of appeal to fear is the most effective when it comes to this kind of messages. Heart problems are serious matters that are commonly taken for granted. This kind of ad will serve as a wake up call to the target market. Top of Form Humor Pepsi always comes up with bright ideas on their advertisement. The image below is a very humorous advertisement of Pepsi. It shows that even the straw chooses what soda to sip. Pepsi uses the humor appeal to make retention in consumers' minds. If the audience will see this kind of advertisement, they will take a moment to laugh or smile about it. It just means that it got their attention and it can easily be remembered. This advertisement does not show any particular target segment. I think this kind of appeal is not quite effective. It can be remembered by the consumers but it does not mean that they are convinced to buy this product. Rational The image below is an advertisement of L'oreal that uses rational appeal. If you can take a closer look at the picture, you can read at the right side the enumerated benefits of using this product. One cannot get the message of this advertisement by just looking at the picture. You should take time to read the texts included in the advertisement. Hair issue is quite scientific. That is why rational appeal is used in this kind of advertisement. No one will believe the reliability of the product until they know the chemical ingredients of it. L'oreal used this kind of appeal to clearly tell the consumers what they can benefit from this product and to explain why this product will really work. The target segments of this advertisement are the women who want to have beautiful and healthy-looking hair. I think this advertisement is quite effective because it can tell the market what it really wants to say. It can also be effective in convincing people because of the benefits and scientif ic information laid out in the ad. However, some people are too lazy to read and will just look at the image. References Guess, Inc. (2008). Guess: Advertising. Retrieved November 24 2008 from http://www.guess.com/Advertising.aspx
Wednesday, October 16, 2019
Business Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 2
Business Marketing - Essay Example Moreover, if a customer is not happy with the complimentary services provided by Apple, he may get hold of Apple Protection Plan which is to be purchased. Apple claims that the protection plan gives one stop service and support from Apple experts. Solutions to your queries are just a call away. The plan gives both the hardware and software support (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). Here is what Apple says about its service plan: Apart from one stop technical service, hardware and software support is also included. The hardware support includes coverage of iPhone, battery, earphones and accessories. Regarding battery coverage, service is available for battery depletion of 50% or more from original specification (Apple-Support-AppleCare, 2011). There is an app store of Apple which has hundreds of thousands of software on its store. It is the world’s largest mobile applications store. Some of them are free, and some are to be purchased. There are amazing applications related to games, lifestyle, social networking, and education. You can browse your choice of application and start playing with it right away after downloading it. App store also let you update your current applications in your iPhone by just a single tap (Apple-iPhone-Learn about apps available on the App Store, 2011). Buys (2009) writes in his article about Apple customer satisfaction. As per him, AppleCare provides excellent support service. It repairs phone, answer your queries and replace the damaged parts. If you want to inquire about importing a movie into iMovie, AppleCare will be of great help in this regard. With a single phone and lots of applications in it, you can do simultaneous works at a time; write a book, take photos, make movies. This is why Apple has been a great success (Buys, 2009). However, John (2009) comments on the above article that Apple has a terrible service. His experience for replacing broken products was bad; he said it took him months to have it
Tuesday, October 15, 2019
Nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2
Nursing - Essay Example In the process, the researcher will examine the impact of portfolio assessment as a strategy used in promoting the students’ learning. The selection and use of assessment tools can significantly affect the quality of students’ learning. (Biggs, 1999) In order to achieve the best learning evaluation results, teachers should use the selected assessment tools in measuring only the previous learned context. Several studies show that different approach to learning is achieved with the use of different assessment tools format. (Scouller, 1998; Tang, 1994) For this reason, the utlitization of assessment portfolios is considered as a very powerful learning tool considering the fact that it can be used in enabling as well as motivating the students to experience a deeper approach to learning. (Scouller, 1998: 136) constructivist theory of knowledge is defined as â€Å"the act of purposely collecting and selecting the students’ work as a strategic way of documenting the students’ learning process and achievements.†The essence behind the use of portfolio assessment is not achieved from a direct teacher-to-student teaching process but is created by the students themselves as they go through their own learning activities. (Biggs & Tang, 1998) Basically, there are three main processes when using the portfolio assessment technique: (1) there is a need to carefully choose the criteria to be used in assessing the learning of the students; (2) the selection of evidence that is relevant in judging the criteria; and (3) judgment used in determining the extent wherein the criteria is met. (Biggs, 1999: 157) Although teachers could set the assessment criteria such as the course objectives and other necessary guidelines, each student will have an idea with regards to the required evidence of learning that will be used in portfolio assessment. For instance, the topic for the day is about the management of chronic pain associated with cancer. Therefore, the
Commentary on Testing the Reality Essay Example for Free
Commentary on Testing the Reality Essay This short but powerfully descriptive poem tells the story of a young man who comes to discover just how fragile the boundary between life and death really is. Written in the form of a dramatic lyric, the poem highlights the moment of revelation and reflection as the man realizes his mother hadnt died; instead she had moved on to another place. The themes of death and abandonment are clearly depicted by the poet through the use of tone, setting, rhythm, symbolism, hyperbole, alliteration and time. Through all these methods, the poet builds a sense of sorrow and feeling of utter reliance the narrator has upon his mother. It emphasizes the mans lifelong journey, from a young child learning to count to a fully grown man mourning the death of his 70-year-old mother. As he grows in body and matures in mind, he fills his head with knowledge and pushes at the boundaries of his world, testing it. The name Testing the Reality arises because the son has to face the reality of life, and the deaths that occur in life. The poem takes place in a church, in a funeral set-up, with flocking birds in the sky. We understand this because of the phrase so crammed church roof and belfry. I can comprehend that it is a funeral because the poet relates the hibernation of the birds to a 70 year old woman. The writer also illustrates a picture of a myriad of birds as he writes There must have been 10,000 there or more. Even though he feels immense loneliness and sadness after the passing on of his mother, he is not yet ready to follow her, and must remain in reality, hence he is the last soul still unhatched. The poem begins in the first person as the poet describes his experiences as a boy. We learn that his mother taught him to count to a ragged 20 but no higher. When he was still a boy, the sheer number of birds perching on the belfry exceeded his counting abilities, cramming church roof and belfry, cross and spire. At this later stage in his life, however, it is not due to his counting skills that he cannot count but due to the sheer immeasurable quantity and their uncontrollable, free nature, unable to be caged or catalogued. Their numbers were so great that their final taking off blacked Beestons sky. These birds feature throughout the poem, creating a sense of activity and movement and dramatic symbolism. Here, the black sky symbolises the unfortunate and sad mood. While the flocking birds represent what the man is looking at and his memories of them as a boy, they also have a metaphorical meaning, symbolizing the life and death of his mother. The crossroad of reality and imagery appears in line six with the following alliteration: picketed piercingly the passing of each day. The power of the repeated P sound reflects the sound of the birds cries. In the poets mind, each bird also represents a single day in the life of his mother. In fact, as the second stanza progresses, the birds only exist to measure the accumulated days in the life of the mans mother. Her attraction towards the birds is completed when they suddenly depart, taking her life with them. The shock of the mothers death is so deep that the first person used throughout the first two stanzas is obliterated and transformed into the third person in the last stanza, the man suddenly being referred to as her son. The third stanza also dramatizes the metaphorical blend of his mother and the birds. Death becomes the wings of night, her life becomes the flocking days. Her departure from the earth is an effusion, a release, of all her physical experiences which are soaring away. So significant was she to her son that her departing life blocked the light. In the final line the son becomes an unhatched egg/soul left behind in the clutch or the nest. Having come to associate the birds with his mother, his memories of her are immediately summoned whenever he sees them. She may be dead but she lives on in his memories of the birds. At first they shrilly hailed the first new light they saw, greeting the new day in what initially seems to be an irritating way because they are portrayed as having loud, high-pitched cries that are not particularly pleasant to the ears. However, after his mother dies, and they leave too, he comes to see them in a different light, after they soared away. His opinion of them has now changed and he sees them as graceful and elegant creatures. This imagery also successfully implies life after death, and the setting of the poem becomes important when looked at in this light. A church is a place of peaceful meditation, praying and holiness, a place where the boundaries between the physical and the spiritual, the barriers between life and death, merge. For these reasons it becomes the nest that hatches souls into the heavens. Even though the birds, and the mans mother with them, fly beyond all sight, hearing, taste, smell, touch they do not fly beyond love or memories, instead leaving a path for the man to follow when it is his turn to be hatched. The lesson the mother taught her son began with counting, but ended with a realization of life after death and the possibility of living, in spirit, for infinity.
Monday, October 14, 2019
What Is Effective Production Management Commerce Essay
What Is Effective Production Management Commerce Essay To begin with, effective production management is impossible without scientific management. Scientific management is a part of the cycles production management at the operational level. It should be based on scientific achievements and best practices to ensure increasing productivity and preserving human health. It is important to mention that an American engineer Frederick Winslow Taylor was the first scientific engineer, who used and formalized scientific management and highlighted its four principles. Milton (1957) stated that Taylor was an innovator and an entrepreneur in his field, and he had more than his share of emulators, rivals, and disciples (p. 23). According to Finn Borum (1980), Frederick Taylor worked on promoting efficiency in manufacturing enterprises around the turn of the century (p. 288). Scientific management is a process of improving the labor organization based on scientific achievements and excellence. Scientific management is the labor organization based on modern scientific achievements and best practices, which were systematically introduced into the workplace. Scientific management allows combining technology and people in the labor process. In addition to the above-mentioned information, scientific management can be characterized as An approach within classical management theory that emphasizes the scientific study of work methods in order to improve worker efficiency (Bartol and Martin, 1998, p. 41). Scientific managements implementation saves time and is an important growth factor productivity of living labor. The importance and value of scientific management is that it allows you to save hard work as a result of better use of the productions material elements. Moreover, the importance of scientific management to organizations is also that it solves the problems of wasted human effort and promotes efficiency and effectiveness in the workplace. And, finally, the improvement of labor organization gives an opportunity to save future labor by taking into account the requirements of scientific management on the stage of companies, equipment and processes design. George (1968) said that Taylors work had importance in ways directly germane to operations research. His contributions, great as they were intrinsically, were even more valuable in revealing the merit of creating elements of organization whose object was not the performance of operations, but their analysis: It is difficult t o overemphasize the importance of this first basic step: the formation of organizations for research on operationshis work led to better decisions than those which were possible, and in most cases, necessary before (pp. 151-152). Scientific management plays an important role in solving the problems of improving production efficiency and improves product quality. The main directions of scientific management are: Improvement of forms of division and cooperation of labor in enterprises; Improvement of the workplaces organization and maintenance; Rationalization of techniques and methods of work; Improvement of work quota setting; Preparation and training the workforce; Improvement of the working conditions; Rationalization of work and rest; Strengthening of labor discipline; Increase of employees creative activity. The main key characteristics of scientific management: scientific management calls for the scientific methods application to work in order to define the best method for solving each task. Scientific management admits that the employees should be scientifically chosen based on their professional qualifications and trained to carry out their work in the optimum manner. Scientific management aimed at addressing the following interrelated tasks: economic, psycho-physiological and social. The economic task deals with the equipments complete use, raw materials, and increase of labor productivity. The creation of favorable working environment, which is very important for the workers health, their working capacity is the solution of the psychophysiological task. The solution of the social task aimed at increasing satisfaction of the labors conditions and results. It should be noted that scientific management has a clearly defined set of the tasks. There is an interaction between scientific management and improvement of other elements of the organization of production. This is especially manifested in the organization of workplaces. The labor organization is associated with production of elements, such as equipment and technology. The labor organization affects the type and nature of production. The major components of scientific management are the division of labor and cooperation. The division of labor in the enterprise means an isolation of separate partial work processes to reduce the production cycle due to the simultaneous execution of various jobs and improvement of work productivity. It is important to mention that the organizers of production at the enterprises of the countries with developed market economies pay great attention to the reduction of manufacturing cycle time. This is due to the fact that the reduction of manufacturing cycle time is a central task of the organization and management of production, an indicator of the effectiveness of managerial work. The high level of specialization indicates production standards. The division of labor is impossible without its cooperation. The cooperations objective is to ensure coherence between the actions of individual employees or groups of employees performing a variety of work functions. The division of labor and cooperation are two interrelated and complementary aspects of production management. The division of labor can be technological, functional, qualifying and professional. The technological division of labor is divided into phases, types of work, products, sites that detail technological operations. It determines the placement of workers in accordance with production technology and greatly affects the level of works importance. An important task of a work organizator consists of finding the optimal level of the technological division of labor. The functional division of labor depends on nature of staff functions in production and their participation in the production process. According to this criterion, workers are divided into workers and employees. Employees are divided into leaders, professionals and technical executors. In turn, the workers can be functional groups of main workers: service and support, groups of maintenance and transport workers: quality inspectors, working for energy services, etc. The qualifying division of labor divides into complexity and accuracy of work in accordance with professional knowledge and experience. The division of labor is carried out under the skill level of the employees. The professional division of labor divides into trades, professions, grades and categories. With the help of the above-stated principles and components of scientific management, it is possible to i ncrease specialization in production in order to accentuate worker rights in the shop floor. Sullivan admitted that This mass production model of shop-floor control depends on two key assumptions: a job is a precisely defined series of tasks; and seniority is the criterion for the allocation of jobs (1987, p. 96). In order to compare and contrast scientific management to more modern management approach, such as total quality management (TQM), it is possible to say that the difference between these two approaches is that the main idea of TQM is that the company should work not only on product quality, but also on work quality as a whole, including the staff work. The continual improvement of these three components is: quality, quality of process organization, and qualifications of staff can achieve more rapid and effective business development. Quality is defined by categories, such as a degree of implementation of customer requirements and growth in financial performance. But the main idea of scientific management is that labor organization is an integral part of the organization of production. The basis of scientific management is the division of labor, which involves the separation of major works from the subsidiary preparatory and ancillary works. These actions help to improve the usage of working time of skilled employees. It is possible to conclude that both management approaches are very important for all types of organizations and are the basis of modern management. Nowadays, scientific management plays a big role in the modern organizations process and it has a direct relevance to the modern business environment. A good example is McDonalds Corporation, one of the largest fast-food restaurants, which still applies the principles and basic standards of scientific management in its organizational process. McDonalds Corporation always tries to promote its workers through different practical and effective ways. For instance, McDonalds uses different types of promotion programs and competitive salaries. It takes many different forms from the thankful words to financial incentives or even to a wide recognition of Employee of the Month. In addition, Macdonalds applies the methods associated with a scientific study. Moreover, the company scientifically selects, trains, and develops each worker and employee. Seldon, Ingraham, and Jacobson (1999) write The selection process is one of the most critical human resource functions because it supplies persons with specific knowledge skills and abilities needed to perform public services. (p. 602). This is a strong tradition and an essential part of work for McDonalds to train its employees scientifically and practically. McDonalds puts into practice the third principle of scientific management and cooperates with its workers, teaching and helping them in every way. McDonalds divides work into equal parts between managers and employees. Every worker keeps his/her place and is occupied only with his/her job. In summary, it is possible to draw a conclusion that scientific management is a set of measures aimed at achieving the greatest results in the organization of production. Scientific managements implementation creates the conditions for health workers to maintain their efficiency, increase the period of their employment, growth, cultural and technical level of workers. Taylor, who is considered to be a father of scientific management, made a great contribution to the development of a new worldview. His disciple Carl Barth stated that My dream is that the time will come when every drill press will be speeded just so, and every planer, every lathe the world over will be harmonized just like musical pitches are the same all over the worldso that we can standardize and say that for drilling a 1-inch hole the world over will be done with the same speedThat dream will come true, some time (1914, p. 889). Modern scientific management consists of organizational, technical, psycho-physiological and techno-economic aspects of work organization and management.
Sunday, October 13, 2019
What Is Credit Card Fraud? Essay -- Crime
Credit card fraud is highly publicized in this era and you should know what it looks like. This is the most common and simplest form of identity theft. All it would take is having someone else’s name, address, date of birth, and social security number. With all the pertinent information on a person one can get loans, and open new bank accounts. Also, someone could use the person’s existing bank account. Just about anything can be accomplished with someone else’s information. Simple and thought to be unimportant information could turn out to be very valuable information to a person doing credit card fraud or identity theft. A simple definition of credit card fraud is illegally obtaining goods, funds, or services deceptively. The amount of time for this type of fraud to be discovered can vary. Credit card fraud, better known to others as identity theft, can cause great turmoil in a person or family’s life by taking away their sense of security. Credit card fraud does not mean, necessarily, that a person has to have the card; the only thing a person really has to have is the card number, expiration date, and the three-digit card verification number on the back with the card holder’s name. In most cases of credit card fraud the person committing the fraud actually knows the person quite well and the address to where the bill is sent. With all of this being said, when it comes to you or your family’s finances be careful. Someone you think you know and trust can very easily steal your credit card information, or even personal information to use for his or her own personal gain. Credit card fraud is just as simple as ordering things over the Internet or the phone. A person can make a copy of your card and use it with few, or no, ... ...redit card fraud the amount of time it takes for the crime to be discovered can vary. When the card itself is stolen, the theft may be determined quickly, but in cases where a person’s personal information has been stolen, it can take far longer. If only a person’s credit card information is appropriated, then the consumer is likely to notice the illegal charges on their next billing statement, but if the theft extends to an individual’s identity, then a culprit who uses a separate address may be able to fully prevent discovery of the crime for an indeterminate amount of time. (1995-2012 HG.org- HGExperts.com) Works Cited http://theworldeconomy.info/article/avoid-credit-card-fraud/ http://www.combat-identity-theft.com/what-is-credit-card-fraud.html http://people.exeter.ac.uk/whatupman/undergrad/owsylves/page3.html http://www.hg.org/credit-card-fraud.html
Saturday, October 12, 2019
How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay -- Public Management
If you don't understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies†(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy†(Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting the needs of its constituents. People, as a whole, tend to appreciate good leaders. â€Å"It is the task of a leader to connect people with purpose†(Blunt, 2007). Why does this help us in the public sector? To paraphrase J.D. Straussman, leaders must have a vision, â€Å"establish direction†with regards to that vision, â€Å"align people by creating an environment of cooperation†, and â€Å"motivate and inspire members of the organization†(Straussman, pg. 4). Generally, public sector's have not yet embraced the positive aspects of what leadership skills can bring to their organizations. One wonders, what is so wrong with vision or inspiring and motivating people? Motivating employees should be one of most important aspects of leadership in the public sector. Motivated employees often show higher productivity levels than others. Often confused with leadership is the role of management in an organization. First tier management skills are highly coveted within the public sector. These skills are planning, organizing, directing and controlling (Reh, 2009) and are mostly built in to any and all management models in the public sector itself. Second tier management skills build on the leadership skills mentioned above, such as, motivation, training ... ...illsPyramid.htm Becketts, K. (2010). Four major functions of public administration: an overview. Retrieved from https://elearning.riosalado.edu/content/pad/pad101/pad101_INTER_0000_v5/PDFs/L2_Content.pdf American Society of Public Administration, . (2006). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_codeofethics.cfm Bai, M. (2010, December 16). Is ‘triangulation’ just another word for the politics of the possible?. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/us/politics/17bai.html?partner=rss&emc=rss Goble, K. (2010, December 17). Top state issues for 2011 revealed. Retrieved from http://www.landlinemag.com/todays_news/Daily/2010/Dec10/121310/121710-05.shtml Americans for Fair Taxation, . (2010). Frequently asked questions - answers. Retrieved from http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_faq_answers How Does the Public Sector Work? Essay -- Public Management If you don't understand how the public sector is supposed to work, how can you ensure that it is working? An easy definition of public administration is, â€Å"the implementation of government policies†(Encyclopedia Britannica, 2010), or, â€Å"the implementation of public policy†(Infoplease.com, 1997). While policies and procedures seem to be continuously up for debate, it should be noted that, an informed public are the only sure-fire way to ensure that the public sector stays on track with meeting the needs of its constituents. People, as a whole, tend to appreciate good leaders. â€Å"It is the task of a leader to connect people with purpose†(Blunt, 2007). Why does this help us in the public sector? To paraphrase J.D. Straussman, leaders must have a vision, â€Å"establish direction†with regards to that vision, â€Å"align people by creating an environment of cooperation†, and â€Å"motivate and inspire members of the organization†(Straussman, pg. 4). Generally, public sector's have not yet embraced the positive aspects of what leadership skills can bring to their organizations. One wonders, what is so wrong with vision or inspiring and motivating people? Motivating employees should be one of most important aspects of leadership in the public sector. Motivated employees often show higher productivity levels than others. Often confused with leadership is the role of management in an organization. First tier management skills are highly coveted within the public sector. These skills are planning, organizing, directing and controlling (Reh, 2009) and are mostly built in to any and all management models in the public sector itself. Second tier management skills build on the leadership skills mentioned above, such as, motivation, training ... ...illsPyramid.htm Becketts, K. (2010). Four major functions of public administration: an overview. Retrieved from https://elearning.riosalado.edu/content/pad/pad101/pad101_INTER_0000_v5/PDFs/L2_Content.pdf American Society of Public Administration, . (2006). Code of ethics. Retrieved from http://www.aspanet.org/scriptcontent/index_codeofethics.cfm Bai, M. (2010, December 16). Is ‘triangulation’ just another word for the politics of the possible?. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/17/us/politics/17bai.html?partner=rss&emc=rss Goble, K. (2010, December 17). Top state issues for 2011 revealed. Retrieved from http://www.landlinemag.com/todays_news/Daily/2010/Dec10/121310/121710-05.shtml Americans for Fair Taxation, . (2010). Frequently asked questions - answers. Retrieved from http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_faq_answers
Friday, October 11, 2019
An Adventure in Space Summary 2
The mission was carried out successfully and I was on my way back to earth with my friends. Suddenly, an unidentified flying object appeared and it somehow forced our spacecraft to land on another planet. On the planet, a very strange looking creature met us. This creature took my crew and me to see its master. I saw another alien sitting on a very high throne. That must be their master. It wore a crown and looked like all the strange looking creatures in the room but its head was very much bigger. All the aliens had four eyes, two heads and six legs. They had a white body and no hair. The strange unknown planet looked like a prison, no worst †¦ a dungeon. There was a very high wall all around the planet. It had many buildings and everywhere you went, you could hear the wailing sounds coming from small cells. We were scared but they gave us some food, which smelt like rotten fish. The smell was so strong that we had to hold our breath in order not to faint. No one dared to touch the food. The next day, we were given a long list of things to do but they were in a language that we could not understand at all. They whipped us and put us in a small cell. After that, they conducted experiments on us. A few of us died but the rest of us who survived were put back into the cell. One day, the aliens who brought us to our cell forgot to lock the door so we escaped through the door. Soon we boarded our own spaceship and flew back to earth. We had a horrifying experience but no one believed us! After this, I never dared to go into space ever again.
Thursday, October 10, 2019
Heritage Listed Sites- Should It Be Open to Public or Kept Private Essay
Did you know that there are 962 properties listed as heritage sites in the world? As we aware the Kakadu National Park, Uluru, Shark Bay and Great Barrier Reef in Australia are also listed as world heritage sites. However, there are currently 38 properties listed in danger because of various reasons; unable to support with technical, scientific expertise in some areas or â€Å"pollution, uncontrolled urbanization, unchecked tourism†(Amanpour, 2012) in many cases. UNESCO (2013) states that the Tourism impacted on the sites greatly since â€Å"the world heritage properties are among the most popular and heavily promoted tourist destinations in many countries. The dramatic current and projected growth of international and domestic travel represents both challenges and opportunities for World Heritage Sites and surrounding populations. Poorly managed tourism at a site can pose major threats to heritage in all of its forms and degrade the quality of the visitor experience†. For instance, The Great Barrier Reef was declared as a world heritage area in 1981, there have been more than two million people visited the reef each year and generated more than â€Å"$AU2 billion in tourism dollar, making tourism a major earner for the north-eastern Australian economy†and also gave negative impact that damaged fragile corals by reef walking, polluted in the water with human activities not only fuels from boats but associated with †run -off sweat and suntan lotion†affected on the reef environment (Australia Government, 2007). There is a question arose for the heritage listed sites whether it should be open to public or kept private in order to protect and conserve them. It is a controversial topic on the public access to the heritage listed sites; some people may say that the sites should be kept in private in order to protect the area, or some say it should be open to public so it will bring the great benefit to economy. W hile tourism can provide a way to educate the public on the importance of the reef, the constant flow of people over a few select areas of the Great Barrier Reef region can also pose some problems†. A director of Centre of Future Studies believes that â€Å"There is a conflict between environmental concerns and commercial interests†in terms of heritage listed sites (SMH, 2006).It will be discussed the potential benefits and damages for both cases and solutions that can compromise the benefit and the issues. World Heritage Listed Site refers to â€Å"a place (such as a forest, mountain, lake, desert, monument, building, complex, or city) that is listed by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) as of special cultural or physical significance.†as per Wikipedia (2013). There are 190 states parties ratified The World Heritage Convention, as of September 2012, to help these countries with heritage listed sites in terms of maintaining and conserving the sites ( UNESCO, 2013). By all means that a place listed as world heritage site, the place will be supported by UNESCO in relation with protecting and maintaining the sites with well structured plan. W hat is it that makes the sites so important; many countries have formed as ‘rescue team’ to protect the heritage sites? There are a number of reasons as the following: It is our legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future generations. Our cultural and natural heritage is both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration. Places as unique and diverse as the wilds of East Africa’s Serengeti, the Pyramids of Egypt, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Baroque cathedrals of Latin America make up our world’s heritage (UNESCO, 2013). In addition, the heritage listed sites reflects the way the past lived, thoughts or even the changes geographically over the time in the area which is a great source for researches and studies, the sites also involve the culture of the society. The World Bank defines â€Å"culture as the whole complex of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features that characterize a society or social group. It includes not only arts and letters, but also modes of life, the fundamental rights of the human being, value systems, traditions, and beliefs†(cited on Endresen, p 5). Janet Stephenson, of Dunedin, who is New Zealand historic places trust representative states the importance of the heritage listed sites as â€Å"this is something you don’t get in a museum and †¦ each of these places has heritage role†(cited on Allan, D. The South Times, p19). Also, Australian Government states the importance of heritage listed sites for education, it is important to â€Å"inspire students to explore our unique world heritage listed places and develop an appreciation of heritage values. An understanding of heritage place in Australia and their significance in the world will encourage young people to appreciate and help preserve them for future generation†(Environment Government, 2011). As mentioned earlier, it leaves a big question on how to protect the heritage listed sites, should it be open to public or kept private? There are number of reasons it should open to public. First of all, it can bring great benefits monetarily to local and country as whole, according to Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia, it increases wealth of local community, in which the heritage listed site is located, and enable to promote the areas to domestic and international visitors. Harriott states the marine tourism industry is a major contributor to the Australian economy, with an estimated direct value in excess of $1 billion (Wachenfeld et al, 1998 cited 2002, p12). For example, Australian icons such as Uluru , The Great Barrier Reef, and The Tasmanian Wilderness attracted a great number of visitations for both nationally and internationally which was result of heavily featuring in Tourism promotion since the sites listed as world heritage (Shark Bay, 2009). By the booming in Tourism, the area needed more facilities to accommodate the visitors with hotels, restaurants, retail shops and entertainments which created employment opportunity. Producer groups such as construction firms, skilled tradespeople and unskilled workers benefited from extra work created in the heritage sector; also increased local and government income from worker’s tax (Abelson, 2000). Another example –Zhan-gjia-jie National Park, is China’s first national park and also well-known for the ‘Avatar’ Hollywood movie. For this reason, tourism has boomed in the region resulted in generating economic wealth, creation of jobs and development opportunities for local residents. â€Å"Zhan -gjia-jie receives up to 40,000 tourists a day during its high season†(UNWTO, 2011). Secondly, the positive economic impact gained through the profit in Tourism can lead to positive impact on Heritage sites- providing fund for site preservation and management: â€Å"In 1995 the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) provided a $1.7 million grant to help preserve prehistoric cave paintings at 260 sites within the Capivara Park, a W orld Heritage Site in north-eastern Brazil. The grant included funding to improve roads in order to stimulate tourism as a source of income for local residents, thereby improving economic conditions and helping to reduce activities that were destroying the sites†(cited on Andresen, 1999, p8). Thirdly, â€Å"Visitors to World Heritage sites can learn about natural, cultural and historical characteristics†(Alberta, 2012) . Having a real experience of the heritage listed sites by touching, looking and feeling the existence of the property will be definitely different from learning by photos and story -telling. In spite of the benefits aforementioned, promoting Tourism can negatively impact on the sites itself and the environment due to constructions, pollution and over urbanization. The site will need to accommodate the tourists in hospitality needs; hotels, restaurants and bars, and with other activities to explore that sites, it cannot avoid having a development in the area. There are examples of heritage sites damaged from Tourism such as Angkor Wat which is a temple complex in Cambodia, and the Inca fortress of Machu Picchu in Peru are often cited as places of world-historical importance where a vast influx of tourists may be causing serious damage (The economist, 2012). Also, some researchers clearly demonstrate that The Great Barrier Reef, the world’s largest coral system in Queensland (Wikipedia, 2012), is being damaged (GBRMPA, 2009 cited on Great barrier reef foundation, 2009) and â€Å"lost half of its coral in the past 27years†( Holland, 2012) by human activities such as fishing, mining, farming and unsorting rubbishes, University of Michigan also states that â€Å"the human based pollution caused such harm to our reefs needs to be stopped or reduced significantly if we wish to save this fragile ecosystem†. In addition there might be unwanted cultural changes, and â€Å"Demonstration Effect†(Endresen, 1999, p8) that comes from exposure to western culture and lifestyle due to tourism, sometimes is blamed for spoiling local culture. According to Endresen (1997, p7) unmanaged tourism can result â€Å"cheapening of culture and traditions; alienation and loss of cultural identity†in the heritage sites. Victoria Falls is the most relevant example in terms of the damages on the heritage listed sites from open to public, led to a various conservation challenges related to urban development, tourism pressure; invasive species; poaching; Water pollution and abstraction; and, institutional challenges (African World Heritage Fund , 2012) which may take up to years to get it recovered. It is critical to get those sites (not only Victoria Falls, but the other 37 sites as mentioned earlier) restored and preserved with our attention and care. On the other hand, if it is being kept private it will enable to reserve the area more efficiently as there isn’t access allowed for public so it can prevent from getting polluted and over-urbanized in the area. Also that helps to preserve damaged areas and get it re-stored as there will not be any restrictions to undergo the repair work. â€Å"The royal tombs, which are registered as UNESCO World Heritage sites, have not allowed public access for the reason of preservation. After going through maintenance and installing several convenience facilities, the tombs ar e now ready to welcome visitors†(visit Korea, 2012). W hat about the potential economic growth in their community or the country by developing the heritage site? The development will attract more tourists who like to visit the heritage sites and trigger increase of GDP through the economic activities made between tourists and locals which will lead to the development of the country as a whole. Various economists state â€Å"the development of tourism has usually been considered a positive contribution to economic growth†(Lim, 1997; Oh, 2005 cited on Chanchrat, 2011, p2). Since it is kept private, there will be forgone cost from not allowing the public access to the site and various parties will lose their potential benefit; the property owner loses in admission fees, local community loses in the benefit from involving active economy in the site area, and the government loses tax income from the sellers and buyers of the economic activity. According to UNICCO it is challengeable to â€Å"manage the future growth of the industry so as to minimise its negative impacts on the environment and host communities whilst maximising the benefits it brings in terms of jobs, wealth and support for local culture and industry, and protection of the built and natural environment†(1999, p21 cited on Endresen, 1999, p2), just like it challenges to keep the heritage sites protected so as to get economic benefit from being open to public. It is obvious that we need to conserve the listed sites at its best by keeping it private but it is, also, impeccable for people at present to get explored of what the ancestors inherited for us, and learn from it to make better future which will be inherited to future generation for our children. It can be protected while the heritage sites being open to public via a number of ways as below: First of all, the industry and the organisation should encourage the public awareness in regards to the importance of the heritage listed sites and the ways that we ca n contribute to protect them. By promoting education for the heritage sites with placing conservation materials at visitor centre will enable to increase public awareness in terms of the importance of those sites. â€Å"Build capacity for cultural management and protection of world heritage cultural asset†â€Å"Promote public awareness of the social value of world heritage sites and the importance of natural resources†(MDGIF, 2012) . For instance there can be TV commercial and donation program promoted by UNESCO just like UNICEF charity program we often see on TV and on airlines that will enable people to aware its importance and for them to practice the good manner when they visit those sites. Also by giving wrist band or badge to people who contributed donation, in recognition of their contribution which will increase the public awareness and helps for the fund needed to support the heritage listed sites. And also managing Heritage listed sites should be well -planned. â€Å"By promoting publicity- developed plan that identifies appropriate levels and types of use and necessary with building environmental awareness, conserving local ecosystem that will result in generating the income and employment for the local communities†(Alberta, 2012) Secondly, Responsible Tourism and Sustainable Tourism should be encouraged.â€Å"You can expect tourist numbers, visitor numbers to grow. And the high level of visitation should not damage the value of the site. So you should have a plan for sustainable tourism in the sites, for all the components†(Bali Daily, 2012). Responsible Tourism refers to tourism that â€Å"makes positive contributions to the conservation of natural and cultur al heritage embracing diversity†and it believes â€Å"individuals, organizations and businesses are asked to take responsibility for their actions and the impacts of their actions†(Wikipedia, 2012). UNESCO states if tourism is undertaken responsibly, â€Å"it can be a driver for the preservation and conservation of cultural and natural heritage and a vehicle for sustainable development†Sustainable Tourism is â€Å"tourism attempting to make as low impact on the environment and local culture as possible, while helping to generate future employment for local people†¦ ensure that development brings a positive experience for local people, tourism companies and the tourists themselves †(Wikipedia, 2013). It also helps â€Å"to meet the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing opportunity for the future†(World Tourism Organization cited on Pedersen, 2002, p20). Sustainable tourism relies on the development and emphasizes the delivery of quality visitor experiences within not damaging any of the property values or cultural values. According to UNESCO (2013) it requires effective, cooperative commitment and coordination between site management and all relevant public agencies and private enterprises in order to achieve the sustainable and responsible tourism development and visitor management. For example, International Hotel & Restaurant Association (IH &RA) and International Hotels Environment Initiative (IHEI) have helped in raising the public awareness in terms of environmental issues and provided practical advice with Action Pack to assist hotels, and other various industry association have also supported with codes and guidelines that can promote ‘Responsible Tourism’ (Endresen, 1999, p10). Thirdly, establish regulations. Government should establish appropriate regulations and tools to monitor and assess the heritage listed sites consistently in order to maintain them. Under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Act 1999 (EPBC Act), Governments may require their departments and agencies to have regard for heritage considerations in asset management decisions: Organizations that have control of her itage assets also have a second service obligation. While they use assets in delivering their primary service, they are also responsible for the stewardship of the assets and protection of their significance for future generations †¦ The management of heritage assets should be viewed as an essential part of the management of the assets, rather than another problem and cost impost. Sustainable management of heritage values should be treated by an agency as part of its core business -GAMC, 2003, p13 cited on management of public historic heritage places, 2006, p193). In conclusion, tourism can impact on the heritage listed sites heavily either it damages heritage sites with unmanaged plans, conversely it makes a great contribution on conserving the sites as well as enabling the tradition to be alive from the profits made. It is impeccable that organization; manage any activities in relation to tour operation (travel agencies, airline s and government), should take into accounts in order to conserve the areas in relation to promoting public awareness of environmental issues. The business should be encouraged to design trip-packages that embrace nature resources and culture s. For example, star watch tour; photography tour; camping on the sites; refurbish local old buildings for accommodation; using solar powers and recycling water, composing and sorting the rubbish, to minimize the potential damage to the sites. It can be a good idea to promote rewarding system that allows entry for only certain organizations that practice the sustainability touri sm, to the heritage sites and offer them a cheaper rate of loan for future business. Reference Abelson, P. 2000. Valuing the Public Benefits of Heritage Listing of Commercial Buildings, Available: http://www.appliedeconomics.com.au/pubs/reports/heritage.htm (accessed 13 Jan 2013). African World Heritage Fund. World Heritage Sites and Sustainable Tourism: Situational Analysis: Victoria falls world heritage site, Report 2, Available: http://awhf.net/documents/Tourism%20 -%20Report%202%20%20Victoria%20Falls%20World%20Heritage%20Site.pdf (accessed 13 Jan 2013). Alberta. 2012. World heritage sites in Alberta, Available: http://www.albertaparks.ca/albertaparksca/management -land-use/nationalinternational-programs/world-heritage-sites-in-alberta.aspx (accessed 14 Jan 2013). Allan, D. 2000. Importance of heritage emphasised by experts. The Southland Times, 8 December, p.19. Fairfax, New Zealand. Amanpour, C. 2012. Conflict, natural disasters, tourism threaten UNESCO world heritage sites, Yahoo!News, 18 October, Available: http://news.yahoo.com/blogs/around-the-world-abc-news/conflict-natural-disasterstourism-threaten-unesco-world-heritage-051557031.html (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Australian Government- Productivity commission. 2006. Conservation of Australia’s Historic Heritage Places, 21 July, Available: http://pc.gov.au/projects/inquiry/heritage/docs/finalreport (accessed 17 Jan 2013). Australian Government. 2007. Great Barrier Reef, 30 December, Available: http://australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/great-barrier-reef (accessed 15 Jan 2013). 10 Australian Government: Department of sustainability, environment, water, population and communities. 2011. Australia’s world heritage, Available: http://www.environment.gov.au/heritage/about/world/index.html (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Chanchrat, S. 2011. Thai Tourism and Economic Development: The Current State of Research, Available: http://kasetsartjournal.ku.ac.th/kuj_files/2011/A1110061100224677.pdf (accessed 17 Jan 2013). Endresen, K. 1999. Sustainable Tourism and Cultural Heritage: A review of development assistance and its potential to promote sustainability, Available: http://www.nwhf.no/files/File/culture_fulltext.pdf (accessed 15 Jan 2013). Erviani, N.K. 2012. UNESCO urges responsible tourism be imposed. Bali Daily, 26 September, Available: http://www.thejakartapost.com/bali-daily/2012-09-26/unescourges-responsible-tourism-be-imposed.html (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Graham, A.H. 2011. World’s most endangered sites, Travel+Leisure, October, p6, Available: http://www.travelandleisure.com/articles/worlds-most-endangered-sites/7 (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Great Barrier Reef Foundation. 2009. The reef and climate change, Available: http://www.barrierreef.org/Research/WhyResearch/TheReefandclimatechange.aspx (accessed 19 Jan 2013). Harriott, V.J. 2002. Marine tourism impacts and their management o n the Great Barrier Reef, Available: http://crcreef.jcu.edu.au/publications/techreport/pdf/Harriott46.pdf (accessed 19 Jan 2013). Holland, M. 2012. Half the Great Barrier reef gone in under 30 years, says AIMS study, Herald Sun, 2 October, Available: http://www.heraldsun.com.au/news/national/half-the-great-barrier-reef-gone-inunder-30-years-says-aims-study/story-fncynkc6-1226486114293 (accessed 20 Jan 2013). 11 MDGIF online. 2012. Egypt: The Dahshur world heritage site mobilization for cultural heritage for community development, Available: http://www.mdgfund.org/content/dahshurworldheritagesitemobilizationculturalheritag ecommunitydevelopment (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Pedersen, A. 2002. World Heritage Manuals: Managing tourism at world heritage sties: a practical manual for world heritage site managers , UNESCO World Heritage Centre, France. Red Apple Education. 2013. Tourism, Available: http://www.skwirk.com.au/p-c_s4_u-464_t-1263_c-4814/tourism/qld/// (accessed 19 Jan 2013). Sydney Morning Herald. 2006. Great Barrier Reef on the danger list, 23 September, Available: http://www.smh.com.au/news/national/great-barrier-reef-on-the-dangerlist/2006/09/22/1158431904450.html (accessed 15 Jan 2013). The benefits of World Heritage listing. 2009. Department of Environment and Conservation, Government of Western Australia, Available: http://www.sharkbay.org/what_is_world_heritage.aspx (accessed 11 Jan 2013). The Economist. 2012. ‘Living Treasure’, 12 July, Available: http://www.economist.com/node/21558560 (accessed 15 Jan 2013). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2013. World Heritage and Sustainable Tourism Programme, Available: http://whc.unesco.org/en/tourism (accessed 11 Jan 2013). UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2013. World Heritage, Available: http://whc.unesco.org/en/about (accessed 11Jan 2013). University of Michigan. Human impact on Great Barrier Reef, Available: http://sitemaker.umich.edu/gc2sec7labgroup3/pollution (accessed 19 Jan 2013) Visit Korea. 2012. Closed Royal Tombs to Open to the Public, Available: http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/FU/FU_EN_15.jsp?cid=1773440 (accessed 18 Jan 2013). 12 Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia. 2012. Responsible Tourism, Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsible_Tourism (accessed 17 Jan 2013). Wikipedia- the free encyclopedia. 2013. World Heritage Site, Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites (accessed 11 Jan 2013). Wisegeek. 2013. What is world heritage site? Available: http://www.wisegeek.org/what-is-a-world-heritage-site.htm (accessed 15 Jan 2013). W orld Tourism Organisation (UNWTO). 2011. UNWTO and China open third observatory for sustainable tourism development , 19 July, Available: http://www2.unwto.org/en/press-release/2011-07-19/unwto-and-china-open-thirdo
Wednesday, October 9, 2019
Organizational behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1
Organizational behaviour - Essay Example an and Kentridge (2000) define behavioral psychology as a â€Å"subset of psychology that focuses on studying and modifying observable behavior by means of systematic manipulation of environmental factors†. Behaviorists or behavior psychologists affirm that a behavior is to be studied and evaluated without giving any consideration to the inner mental condition of the individual. Classical conditioning. This theory, put forth by Ivan Pavlov and John B. Watson, suggests that a behavior can be assessed by watching how an animal or an individual shoes an unconditioned response by associating a neutral stimulus with a naturally occurring (unconditioned) stimulus. Pavlov experimented with dogs and conditioned them so that they salivated on the sound of bell ringing by associating the sound with their food. Operant conditioning is of four types. Positive Reinforcement and Negative Reinforcement tend to support the behavior as under these two conditions, the individual experiences a good ending and thus repeats his experience in future. On the other hand, Punishment and Extinction tend to weaken the chances of future occurrences of a behavior as under these two circumstances, the individual has had a bad or neutral ending. Learning based on behavioral psychology. Behavioral psychologists carry on the process of learning by assuming that a person can be completely understood by observing his behavior. And how a behavior is to be learnt? It is done by learning an individual’s responses to environmental stimuli. This is basically a stimulus-response theory. The boss orders the employee to leave (stimulus) and the employee leaves (response). This means that â€Å"learning in humans and animals can take place through the association of a response with particular stimuli†(Psychologist World, 2009). Strengths. Behaviorism approaches are well designed and focused because of well organized ways of measuring behavioral responses. Classical behaviorism has a great advantage in
Tuesday, October 8, 2019
Project about Computer Managed Instruction (CMI) Essay
Project about Computer Managed Instruction (CMI) - Essay Example Since the advent of sophisticated technological means, the educators have been trying to modify the instructional process with the help of technology. According to Baker (1978, p. 3), early 1960’s brought with it â€Å"new curricula, instructional models, and approaches to individualization†of instruction but the drawback with these instructional schemes was their poor management. An ideal classroom environment is so dynamic in which each student presents his own understanding and is comfortable with his own set of instructional materials. Thus, the teacher needs to organize instructional schemes in such a way that all students with their unique calibers are equally attended to. Before CMI, teachers would process instruction manually but that process was inefficient when it came to collecting and summarizing instructional data for management purposes. This was when the need was felt to construct a reliable, fast and user friendly system which would process and manage m odified instruction. Thus, a shift was made toward computer-based data processing or more specifically CMI, which a lot of educators considered â€Å"as a reasonable model for the support of the management functions associated with the individualization of instruction†(Baker). CMI is one of the two types of computer based instructions; Computer Assisted Instruction (CAI) is the other. CMI is an instructional scheme that makes use of the computer for obtaining learning resources and objectives, and to assess student performance, thus enabling the instructor to manage instruction in a more efficient way without having to get involved in the teaching process directly. In other words, there is no human interference. To be more precise, it helps the instructor in making effective instructional decisions by providing him with â€Å"diagnostic and prescriptive
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